According to the Constitution Who Elects Representatives for the House

Lower house of Australia

Firm of Representatives
46th Parliament
Type
Type	Lower house of the Parliament of Commonwealth of australia
Leadership
Speaker	Andrew Wallace, Liberal since 23 November 2021
Leader of the House	Peter Dutton, Liberal since xxx March 2021
Manager of Opposition Business	Tony Burke, Labor since 18 Oct 2013
Construction
Seats	151
Political groups	Authorities (76) Coalition Liberal (60)[a] National (16)[b] Opposition (68) Labor (68) Crossbench (seven) Greens (ane) UAP (one) KAP (1) Eye Alliance (1) Independent (3)[c]
Length of term	3 years
Elections
Voting system	Instant-runoff voting
Last ballot	eighteen May 2019
Next election	By 3 September 2022
Coming together place
Firm of Representatives Chamber Parliament House Canberra, Australian Majuscule Territory Commonwealth of australia
Website
Business firm of Representatives

Coordinates: 35°xviii′31″S 149°07′30″E  /  35.308582°Southward 149.125107°Due east  / -35.308582; 149.125107

The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the upper house being the Senate. Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia.

The term of members of the Business firm of Representatives is a maximum of 3 years from the date of the commencement sitting of the House, but on only one occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached. The House is almost always dissolved earlier, normally alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses. Elections for members of the House of Representatives are oftentimes held in conjunction with those for the Senate. A member of the Business firm may be referred to as a "Fellow member of Parliament" ("MP" or "Member"), while a fellow member of the Senate is unremarkably referred to every bit a "Senator". The government of the solar day and past extension the Prime number Minister must achieve and maintain the conviction of this Firm in order to gain and remain in power.

The House of Representatives currently consists of 151 members, elected by and representing unmarried member districts known equally electoral divisions (usually referred to as "electorates" or "seats"). The number of members is not stock-still but tin vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions, which are required on a regular basis. The nearly recent overall increment in the size of the House, which came into effect at the 1984 election, increased the number of members from 125 to 148. It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election, returned to 148 at the 1996 election, increased to 150 at the 2001 election, and stands at 151 as of the 2022 Australian federal election.^[1]

Each segmentation elects one fellow member using total-preferential instant-runoff voting. This was put in place after the 1918 Swan past-ballot, which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest master vote and the aid of vote splitting in the conservative parties. The Nationalist authorities of the time changed the lower business firm voting system from first-by-the-mail service to full-preferential voting, constructive from the 1919 general election.

Origins and role [edit]

The Australian House of Representatives in 1901

The Commonwealth of Commonwealth of australia Constitution Act (Imp.) of 1900 established the Firm of Representatives as part of the new system of dominion government in newly federated Australia. The Firm is presided over past the Speaker. Members of the House are elected from single member electorates (geographic districts, commonly referred to every bit "seats" merely officially known as "Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives"). One vote, one value legislation requires all electorates to have approximately the aforementioned number of voters with a maximum 10% variation. However, the baseline quota for the number of voters in an electorate is determined by the number of voters in the state in which that electorate is institute. Consequently, the electorates of the smallest states and territories have more than variation in the number of voters in their electorates. Meanwhile, all usa except Tasmania have electorates approximately within the aforementioned x% tolerance, with most electorates belongings 85,000 to 105,000 voters. Federal electorates have their boundaries redrawn or redistributed whenever a state or territory has its number of seats adjusted, if electorates are not mostly matched by population size or if vii years take passed since the most recent redistribution.^[ii] Voting is by the 'preferential system', also known every bit instant-runoff voting. A total resource allotment of preferences is required for a vote to be considered formal. This allows for a calculation of the two-party-preferred vote.

Under Section 24 of the Constitution, each land is entitled to members based on a population quota determined from the "latest statistics of the Republic."^[iii] These statistics arise from the census conducted under the auspices of section 51(xi).^[four] Until its repeal by the 1967 referendum, section 127 prohibited the inclusion of Ancient people in section 24 determinations as including the Ethnic peoples could alter the distribution of seats betwixt usa to the benefit of states with larger Aboriginal populations.^[5] Section 127, along with section 25 (assuasive for race-based disqualification of voters by states)^[three] and the race ability,^[six] accept been described as racism built into Australia's constitutional Dna,^[seven] and modifications to prevent lawful race-based discrimination have been proposed.^[viii]

The parliamentary entitlement of a state or territory is established by the Electoral Commissioner dividing the number of the people of the Commonwealth by twice the number of Senators. This is known every bit the "Nexus Provision". The reasons for this are twofold, to maintain a abiding influence for the smaller states and to maintain a abiding remainder of the two Houses in case of a articulation sitting subsequently a double dissolution. The population of each state and territory is then divided by this quota to determine the number of members to which each land and territory is entitled. Under the Australian Constitution all original states are guaranteed at least five members. The Federal Parliament itself has decided that the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory should accept at to the lowest degree one member each.

According to the Constitution, the powers of both Houses are nearly equal, with the consent of both Houses needed to laissez passer legislation. The difference generally relates to tax legislation. In practice, by convention, the person who can command a majority of votes in the lower firm is invited by the Governor-Full general to form the Government. In practice that means that the leader of the party (or coalition of parties) with a majority of members in the House becomes the Prime Minister, who then can nominate other elected members of the government party in both the House and the Senate to become ministers responsible for various portfolios and administrate government departments. Bills appropriating money (supply bills) tin but be introduced in the lower business firm and thus simply the party with a bulk in the lower house can govern. In the electric current Australian party arrangement, this ensures that virtually all contentious votes are forth party lines, and the Government usually has a majority in those votes.

The Opposition political party's master part in the Business firm is to present arguments confronting the Government's policies and legislation where appropriate, and effort to hold the Government accountable as much as possible by request questions of importance during Question Time and during debates on legislation. By dissimilarity, the only period in recent times during which the government of the day has had a bulk in the Senate was from July 2005 (following the 2004 ballot) to Dec 2007 (following the Coalition's defeat at the federal election that year). Hence, votes in the Senate are usually more meaningful. The Business firm's well-established committee organization is not always every bit prominent every bit the Senate committee system because of the frequent lack of Senate majority.

Frontbench and despatch box

In a reflection of the United Kingdom House of Eatables, the predominant colour of the effects in the House of Representatives is light-green. However, the color was tinted slightly in the new Parliament Firm (opened 1988) to suggest the colour of eucalyptus copse. Also, unlike the Firm of Commons, the seating organisation of the crossbench is curved, similar to the curved seating arrangement of the Usa Firm of Representatives. This suggests a more collaborative, and less oppositional, system than in the Uk parliament (where all members of parliament are seated facing the reverse side).^{[ citation needed ]}

Australian parliaments are notoriously rowdy, with MPs frequently trading colourful insults. Every bit a result, the Speaker often has to use the disciplinary powers granted to him or her under Standing Orders.^[ix]

Since 2015, Australian Federal Constabulary officers armed with assail rifles have been present in both chambers of the Federal Parliament.^[10]

Electoral system [edit]

From the beginning of Federation until 1918, first-by-the-mail service voting was used in gild to elect members of the House of Representatives only since the 1918 Swan by-ballot which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote due to vote splitting amongst the conservative parties, the Nationalist Political party government, a predecessor of the modern-day Liberal Political party of Australia, inverse the lower house voting arrangement to Instant-runoff voting, which in Commonwealth of australia is known as full preferential voting, as of the subsequent 1919 election.^[11] This system has remained in place ever since, assuasive the Coalition parties to safely contest the same seats.^[12] Full-preference preferential voting re-elected the Hawke government at the 1990 election, the commencement fourth dimension in federal history that Labor had obtained a net benefit from preferential voting.^[13]

From 1949 onwards, the vast majority of electorates, well-nigh 90%, are won by the candidate leading on kickoff preferences, giving the same event as if the aforementioned votes had been counted using outset-past-the-post voting. The highest proportion of seats (up to 2010) won by the candidate non leading on first preferences was the 1972 federal election, with 14 of 125 seats not won by the plurality candidate.^[14]

Allocation process for the Firm of Representatives [edit]

The primary elements of the performance of preferential voting for single-member House of Representatives divisions are as follows:^{[15] [16]}

• Voters are required to place the number "1" against their beginning pick of candidate, known as the "first preference" or "chief vote".
• Voters are then required to identify the numbers "2", "iii", etc., confronting all of the other candidates listed on the ballot paper, in order of preference. (Every candidate must be numbered, otherwise the vote becomes "informal" (spoiled) and does not count.^[17])
• Prior to counting, each ballot newspaper is examined to ensure that it is validly filled in (and not invalidated on other grounds).
• The number "one" or first preference votes are counted first. If no candidate secures an absolute majority (more than than half) of offset preference votes, then the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded from the count.
• The votes for the eliminated candidate (i.east. from the ballots that placed the eliminated candidate start) are re-allocated to the remaining candidates according to the number "ii" or "second preference" votes.
• If no candidate has withal secured an absolute majority of the vote, then the next candidate with the fewest chief votes is eliminated. This preference allocation is repeated until there is a candidate with an absolute majority. Where a 2nd (or subsequent) preference is expressed for a candidate who has already been eliminated, the voter's third or subsequent preferences are used.

Following the full allotment of preferences, it is possible to derive a two-political party-preferred figure, where the votes accept been allocated between the two principal candidates in the election. In Commonwealth of australia, this is usually between the candidates from the Coalition parties and the Australian Labor Party.

Relationship with the Authorities [edit]

Under the Constitution, the Governor-Full general has the power to appoint and dismiss "Ministers of Land" who administer government departments. In practice, the Governor-General chooses ministers in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster organization that the Government be drawn from the political party or coalition of parties that has a majority in the Business firm of Representatives, with the leader of the largest party condign Prime Minister.

These ministers then run across in a council known as Chiffonier. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur in one case a week where vital bug are discussed and policy formulated. The Constitution does non recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity; information technology exists solely by convention. Its decisions do non in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves every bit the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council, which is Australia's highest formal governmental torso.^[18] In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already fabricated past the Cabinet. All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. While the Governor-Full general is nominal presiding officeholder, he near never attends Executive Quango meetings. A senior fellow member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts every bit presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absenteeism of the Governor-General. The Federal Executive Council is the Australian equivalent of the Executive Councils and privy councils in other Commonwealth realms such equally the Queen'southward Privy Council for Canada and the Privy Quango of the Uk.^[nineteen]

A minister is not required to be a Senator or Member of the Firm of Representatives at the time of their appointment, only their office is forfeited if they do not become a member of either house inside three months of their appointment. This provision was included in the Constitution (section 64) to enable the inaugural Ministry, led past Edmund Barton, to be appointed on 1 January 1901, fifty-fifty though the beginning federal elections were not scheduled to exist held until 29 and 30 March.^[20]

Later the 1949 election, Beak Spooner was appointed a Minister in the 4th Menzies Ministry on nineteen December, however his term every bit a Senator did not begin until 22 February 1950.^[21]

The provision was also used after the disappearance and presumed expiry of the Liberal Prime number Minister Harold Holt in Dec 1967. The Liberal Party elected John Gorton, so a Senator, as its new leader, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 January 1968 (following an interim ministry led past John McEwen). On 1 February, Gorton resigned from the Senate to stand for the 24 February by-ballot in Holt's erstwhile House of Representatives electorate of Higgins due to the convention that the Prime Minister be a member of the lower house. For 22 days (2 to 23 February inclusive) he was Prime Government minister while a member of neither business firm of parliament.^[22]

On a number of occasions when Ministers take retired from their seats prior to an election, or stood simply lost their own seats in the election, they have retained their Ministerial offices until the next authorities is sworn in.

Committees [edit]

Firm of Representatives committee room, Parliament Firm, Canberra

A short video on Australian Parliamentary Committees

In improver to the work of the principal chamber, the Business firm of Representatives also has a large number of committees which deal with matters referred to them past the chief Firm. They provide the opportunity for all Members to ask questions of ministers and public officials also every bit comport inquiries, examine policy and legislation.^[23] Once a particular inquiry is completed the members of the committee can and then produce a report, to exist tabled in Parliament, outlining what they accept discovered as well equally any recommendations that they have produced for the Regime to consider.^[24]

The power of the Houses of Parliament to establish committees is referenced in Section 49 of the Constitution, which states that, "The powers, privileges, and immunities of the Senate and of the House of Representatives, and of the members and the committees of each House, shall be such every bit are declared past the Parliament, and until declared shall be those of the Commons House of Parliament of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, and of its members and committees, at the establishment of the Commonwealth."^{[25] [24]}

Parliamentary committees tin be given a wide range of powers. 1 of the near significant powers is the ability to summon people to attend hearings in order to give evidence and submit documents. Anyone who attempts to hinder the work of a Parliamentary committee may exist institute to be in contempt of Parliament. There are a number of means that witnesses can be establish in contempt. These include refusing to appear before a committee when summoned, refusing to reply a question during a hearing or to produce a document, or later being establish to have lied to or misled a commission. Anyone who attempts to influence a witness may likewise exist found in contempt.^[26] Other powers include, the ability to run into throughout Australia, to establish subcommittees and to take evidence in both public and private hearings.^[24]

Proceedings of committees are considered to accept the same legal standing as proceedings of Parliament, they are recorded by Hansard, except for private hearings, and likewise operate under Parliamentary privilege. Every participant, including committee members and witnesses giving evidence, are protected from being prosecuted nether whatsoever ceremonious or criminal action for anything they may say during a hearing. Written testify and documents received by a committee are too protected.^{[26] [24]}

Types of committees include:^[26]

Continuing Committees, which are established on a permanent ground and are responsible for scrutinising bills and topics referred to them by the sleeping accommodation; examining the government's budget and activities and for examining departmental annual reports and activities.

Select Committees, which are temporary committees, established in order to deal with detail issues.

Domestic Committees, which are responsible for administering aspects of the House'southward own affairs. These include the Selection Committee that determines how the Firm will deal with item pieces of legislation and individual members business and the Privileges Committee that deals with matters of Parliamentary Privilege.

Legislative Scrutiny Committees, which examine legislation and regulations to make up one's mind their touch on on individual rights and accountability.

Articulation Committees are also established to include both members of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Federation Sleeping accommodation [edit]

The Federation Chamber is a 2nd debating bedroom that considers relatively uncontroversial matters referred by the Firm. The Federation Chamber cannot, all the same, initiate or make a final decision on whatever parliamentary business concern, although it can perform all tasks in between.^[27]

House of Representatives' entrance

The Federation Bedchamber was created in 1994 as the Primary Committee, to salvage some of the brunt of the House: different matters can be processed in the Firm at big and in the Federation Bedchamber, equally they sit simultaneously. It is designed to be less formal, with a quorum of only three members: the Deputy Speaker of the House, one government fellow member, and 1 not-government member. Decisions must be unanimous: any divided conclusion sends the question back to the House at large.

Inside the House of Representatives

The Federation Chamber was created through the House's Standing Orders:^[28] it is thus a subordinate body of the House, and can only be in session while the House itself is in session. When a division vote in the House occurs, members in the Federation Chamber must render to the House to vote.

The Federation Chamber is housed in 1 of the Business firm's committee rooms; the room is customised for this purpose and is laid out to resemble the House chamber.^[29]

Due to the unique role of what was so called the Main Committee, proposals were fabricated to rename the trunk to avoid confusion with other parliamentary committees, including "Second Chamber"^[xxx] and "Federation Chamber".^[31] The House of Representatives afterward adopted the latter proposal.^[32]

The concept of a parallel body to expedite Parliamentary business, based on the Australian Federation Chamber, was mentioned in a 1998 British House of Commons study,^[33] which led to the cosmos of that torso'south parallel sleeping accommodation Westminster Hall.^[34]

Current House of Representatives [edit]

The current Parliament is the 46th Australian Parliament. The well-nigh recent federal ballot was held on xviii May 2022 and the 46th Parliament offset sabbatum in July.

The outcome of the 2022 ballot saw the incumbent Liberal/National Coalition regime re-elected for a third term with 77 seats in the 151-seat Business firm of Representatives (an increase of 1 seat compared to the 2022 election), a two-seat majority regime. The Shorten Labor opposition won 68 seats, a subtract of 1 seat. On the crossbench, the Australian Greens, the Centre Alliance, Katter's Australian Party, and independents Andrew Wilkie, Helen Haines and Zali Steggall won a seat each.^[35]

Firm of Representatives main, two-party and seat results [edit]

A two-party system has existed in the Australian Business firm of Representatives since the two non-Labor parties merged in 1909. The 1910 election was the get-go to elect a majority government, with the Australian Labor Political party concurrently winning the outset Senate majority. Prior to 1909 a three-party system existed in the sleeping room. A two-party-preferred vote (2PP) has been calculated since the 1919 modify from offset-past-the-post to preferential voting and subsequent introduction of the Coalition. ALP = Australian Labor Party, L+NP = grouping of Liberal/National/LNP/CLP Coalition parties (and predecessors), Oth = other parties and independents.

Firm of Representatives results

Ballot Year		Labour		Gratuitous Merchandise		Protectionist	Independent	Other parties		Total seats
1st	1901	14		28		31	ii			75
Ballot Twelvemonth		Labour		Free Trade		Protectionist	Independent	Other parties		Total seats
2d	1903	23		25		26		1	Revenue Tariff	75
Ballot Year		Labour		Anti-Socialist		Protectionist	Independent	Other parties		Total seats
tertiary	1906	26		26		21	ane	i	Western Australian	75

	Primary vote			2PP vote		Seats
	ALP	L+NP	Oth.	ALP	L+NP	ALP	L+NP	Oth.	Total
thirteen April 1910 election	fifty.0%	45.ane%	4.9%	–	–	42	31	2	75
31 May 1913 ballot	48.v%	48.9%	2.6%	–	–	37	38	0	75
5 September 1914 election	50.ix%	47.2%	1.nine%	–	–	42	32	1	75
5 May 1917 election	43.9%	54.2%	1.ix%	–	–	22	53	0	75
xiii Dec 1919 ballot	42.five%	54.3%	3.ii%	45.ix%	54.1%	25	38	2	75
16 December 1922 ballot	42.iii%	47.8%	9.9%	48.8%	51.2%	29	40	six	75
fourteen November 1925 election	45.0%	53.2%	i.8%	46.ii%	53.8%	23	50	2	75
17 Nov 1928 election	44.half-dozen%	49.half-dozen%	5.viii%	48.4%	51.6%	31	42	ii	75
12 October 1929 election	48.8%	44.2%	seven.0%	56.7%	43.3%	46	24	5	75
19 December 1931 election	27.one%	48.4%	24.five%	41.5%	58.5%	14	50	11	75
15 September 1934 election	26.8%	45.6%	27.half-dozen%	46.five%	53.5%	eighteen	42	xiv	74
23 October 1937 election	43.two%	49.3%	7.v%	49.4%	l.6%	29	43	2	74
21 September 1940 election	twoscore.2%	43.9%	fifteen.nine%	50.3%	49.7%	32	36	6	74
21 August 1943 ballot	49.ix%	23.0%	27.1%	58.2%	41.eight%	49	19	6	74
28 September 1946 election	49.7%	39.three%	11.0%	54.1%	45.9%	43	26	5	74
x December 1949 election	46.0%	50.3%	3.7%	49.0%	51.0%	47	74	0	121
28 April 1951 election	47.6%	50.3%	2.ane%	49.3%	50.7%	52	69	0	121
29 May 1954 election	50.0%	46.viii%	iii.2%	50.7%	49.3%	57	64	0	121
x Dec 1955 election	44.6%	47.6%	7.8%	45.eight%	54.2%	47	75	0	122
22 November 1958 election	42.eight%	46.6%	10.6%	45.ix%	54.one%	45	77	0	122
nine December 1961 ballot	47.9%	42.i%	10.0%	50.5%	49.five%	threescore	62	0	122
30 November 1963 election	45.5%	46.0%	8.5%	47.four%	52.six%	50	72	0	122
26 Nov 1966 election	forty.0%	50.0%	10.0%	43.1%	56.9%	41	82	i	124
25 October 1969 ballot	47.0%	43.three%	nine.7%	fifty.2%	49.8%	59	66	0	125
2 December 1972 election	49.6%	41.v%	8.9%	52.seven%	47.3%	67	58	0	125
18 May 1974 ballot	49.iii%	44.nine%	v.viii%	51.7%	48.iii%	66	61	0	127
13 December 1975 election	42.8%	53.i%	4.1%	44.3%	55.vii%	36	91	0	127
10 December 1977 ballot	39.7%	48.1%	12.ii%	45.4%	54.6%	38	86	0	124
xviii Oct 1980 election	45.2%	46.3%	viii.5%	49.6%	l.4%	51	74	0	125
5 March 1983 election	49.5%	43.six%	six.9%	53.2%	46.8%	75	50	0	125
1 Dec 1984 ballot	47.six%	45.0%	7.4%	51.8%	48.2%	82	66	0	148
11 July 1987 ballot	45.8%	46.1%	8.one%	50.eight%	49.2%	86	62	0	148
24 March 1990 election	39.4%	43.5%	17.1%	49.9%	l.i%	78	69	ane	148
13 March 1993 election	44.nine%	44.3%	10.7%	51.4%	48.6%	80	65	two	147
2 March 1996 election	38.7%	47.three%	xiv.0%	46.four%	53.6%	49	94	v	148
three Oct 1998 election	forty.1%	39.5%	xx.4%	51.0%	49.0%	67	80	1	148
10 Nov 2001 ballot	37.8%	43.0%	19.2%	49.0%	51.0%	65	82	3	150
9 Oct 2004 ballot	37.6%	46.vii%	fifteen.7%	47.3%	52.7%	60	87	three	150
24 November 2007 election	43.4%	42.1%	14.5%	52.7%	47.3%	83	65	2	150
21 August 2010 election	38.0%	43.3%	eighteen.7%	50.1%	49.nine%	72	72	six	150
seven September 2013 ballot	33.4%	45.six%	21.0%	46.five%	53.5%	55	90	5	150
2 July 2022 election	34.vii%	42.0%	23.3%	49.6%	fifty.four%	69	76	5	150
18 May 2022 election	33.three%	41.iv%	25.2%	48.5%	51.5%	68	77	6	151

Run across also [edit]

• 2019 Australian federal election
• Australian House of Representatives committees
• Canberra Press Gallery
• Chronology of Australian federal parliaments
• Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives
• Father of the Australian House of Representatives
• List of Australian federal by-elections
• Members of the Australian House of Representatives
• Members of the Australian Parliament who have served for at to the lowest degree xxx years
• Members of the Australian Parliament who have represented more than than 1 land or territory
• Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
• Women in the Australian House of Representatives
• Browne–Fitzpatrick privilege example, 1955

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Including 17 Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit in the Liberals party room
2. ^ Including 6 Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit in the Nationals party room
3. ^ Current independent MPs: Andrew Wilkie (Clark), Helen Haines (Indi), Zali Steggall (Warringah)

References [edit]

1. ^ Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives
2. ^ Barber, Stephen (25 Baronial 2016). "Electoral Redistributions during the 45th Parliament". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Republic of Commonwealth of australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK), page 6". Museum of Australian Republic. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
4. ^ "Commonwealth of australia Constitution Human action 1900 (UK), folio 10". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved ten Nov 2016.
5. ^ Korff, Jens (8 Oct 2014). "Australian 1967 Referendum". creativespirits.info . Retrieved nine November 2016.
6. ^ "Commonwealth of australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK), page 11". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
7. ^ Williams, George (2012). "Removing racism from Australia's constitutional DNA". Culling Law Journal. 37 (3): 151–155. doi:10.1177/1037969X1203700302. S2CID 145522774. SSRN 2144763.
8. ^ Skilful Panel on Recognising Ancient and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution (Jan 2012). Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution. Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN978-1-921975-29-5.
9. ^ Madigan, Michael (27 Feb 2009). "Barking, biting dog House". Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 22 August 2010.
10. ^ "Armed guards now stationed to protect Australian MPs and senators in both chambers of Federal Parliament". The Sydney Forenoon Herald. nine February 2015. Retrieved xi June 2017.
11. ^ "A Short History of Federal Election Reform in Australia". Australian electoral history. Australian Electoral Commission. 8 June 2007. Retrieved i July 2007.
12. ^ Dark-green, Antony (2004). "History of Preferential Voting in Commonwealth of australia". Antony Green Election Guide: Federal Election 2004. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved one July 2007.
13. ^ "The Origin of Senate Group Ticket Voting, and it didn't come from the Major Parties". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 Feb 2017.
14. ^ Green, Antony (11 May 2010). "Preferential Voting in Australia". www.abc.internet.au . Retrieved one November 2020.
15. ^ "Preferential Voting". Australianpolitics.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
16. ^ "How the House of Representatives votes are counted". Australian Electoral Commission. 13 February 2013. Retrieved two May 2015.
17. ^ "How does Commonwealth of australia's voting system work?". The Guardian. xiv August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
18. ^ "Federal Executive Council Handbook". Department of the Prime Government minister and Cabinet. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved iii March 2017.
19. ^ Hamer, David (2004). The executive government (PDF). Section of the Senate (Commonwealth of australia). p. 113. ISBN0-642-71433-9.
20. ^ Rutledge, Martha. "Sir Edmund (1849–1920)". Australian Lexicon of Biography. Australian National Academy. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
21. ^ Starr, Graeme (2000). "Spooner, Sir William Henry (1897–1966)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved seven January 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
22. ^ "John Gorton Prime Government minister from 10 January 1968 to ten March 1971". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
23. ^ "Committees". aph.gov.au. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
24. ^ ^{a b c d} "Odgers' Australian Senate Practice Fourteenth Edition Chapter 16 - Committees". 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
25. ^ Constitution of Australia, section 49.
26. ^ ^{a b c} "Infosheet 4 - Committees". aph.gov.au. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
27. ^ "The Construction Of The Australian Firm Of Representatives Over Its Kickoff Ane Hundred Years: The Impact Of Globalisation," Ian Harris
28. ^ Standing and Sessional Orders Archived 3 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, House of Representatives
29. ^ Main Committee Fact Canvas Archived 31 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Parliamentary Education Office
30. ^ The Second Sleeping room: Enhancing the Main Commission, House of Representatives
31. ^ Renaming the Main Commission, House of Representatives
32. ^ [House of Representatives Vote and Proceedings], eight February 2012, Item 8.
33. ^ "Select Committee on Modernisation of the Firm of Commons First Report". House of Commons of the United Kingdom. seven December 1998. Retrieved twenty June 2007.
34. ^ Business firm of Commons Standard Note—Modernization: Westminster Hall, SN/PC/3939. Updated 6 March 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
35. ^ "Federal Election 2022 Results". ABC News (Australian Dissemination Corporation) . Retrieved 21 June 2019.

Further reading [edit]

• Souter, Gavin (1988). Acts of Parliament: A narrative history of the Senate and Firm of Representatives, Commonwealth of Australia. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. ISBN0-522-84367-0.
• Quick, John & Garran, Robert (1901). The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Republic. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN0-9596568-0-4. In Net Archive
• B.C. Wright, House of Representatives Practice (6th Ed.), A detailed reference piece of work on all aspects of the House of Representatives' powers, procedures and practices.

External links [edit]

• Business firm of Representatives – Official website.
• Australian Parliament – alive broadcasting

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives

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